<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><rec-number>8293</rec-number><ref-type>Journal Article</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blumenthal, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Campbell, EG</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anderson, Melissa S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Causino, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louis, K. S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Withholding research results in academic life science : Evidence from a national survey of faculty.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JAMA</style></secondary-title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Withholding research results in academic life science. Evidence from a national survey of faculty.</style></short-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIOLOGY</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomedical</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collaboration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contracts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">data management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Sciences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faculty</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Federal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">information</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intellectual</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LOGISTIC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEDICINE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multivariate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PATENTS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">publishing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">research</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">United</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Universities</style></keyword></keywords><taxonomies><taxonomy><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Data Management</style></taxonomy><taxonomy><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Collaboration</style></taxonomy><taxonomy><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Sciences</style></taxonomy><taxonomy><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Medicine</style></taxonomy><taxonomy><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biology</style></taxonomy></taxonomies><pubtype><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal Article</style></pubtype><audience-level><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ug</style></audience-level><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apr</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9103347</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">277</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1224-8</style></pages><issn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">00987484</style></issn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">To identify the prevalence and determinants of data-withholding behaviors among academic life scientists.|Mailed survey of 3394 life science faculty in the 50 universities that received the most funding from the National Institutes of Health in 1993.|A total of 2167 faculty responded to the survey, a 64% response rate.|Whether respondents delayed publication of their research results for more than 6 months and whether respondents refused to share research results with other university scientists in the last 3 years.|A total of 410 respondents (19.8%) reported that publication of their research results had been delayed by more than 6 months at least once in the last 3 years to allow for patent application, to protect their scientific lead, to slow the dissemination of undesired results, to allow time to negotiate a patent, or to resolve disputes over the ownership of intellectual property. Also, 181 respondents (8.9%) reported refusing to share research results with other university scientists in the last 3 years. In multivariate analysis, participation in an academic-industry research relationship and engagement in the commercialization of university research were significantly associated with delays in publication. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were 1.34 (1.07-1.59) and 3.15 (2.88-3.41), respectively. Variables associated with refusing to share results were conducting research similar to the Human Genome Project (OR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.75-2.42), publication rate (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03), and engagement in commercialization of research (OR, 2.45; 95% CI, 2.08-2.82).|Withholding of research results is not a widespread phenomenon among life-science researchers. However, withholding is more common among the most productive and entrepreneurial faculty. These results also suggest that data withholding has affected a significant number of life-science faculty and further study on data-withholding practices is suggested.</style></abstract><doi><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1001/jama.1997.03540390054035</style></doi><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></issue><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9103347</style></accession-num></record></records></xml>