Center for the Study of Ethics in the Professions at IIT

1. Preamble

As dental hygienists, we are a community of professionals devoted to the prevention of disease and the promotion and improvement of the public's health. We are preventive oral health professionals who provide educational, clinical, and therapeutic services to the public. We strive to live meaningful, productive, satisfying lives that simultaneously serve us, our profession, our society, and the world. Our actions, behaviors, and attitudes are consistent with our commitment to public service. We endorse and incorporate the Code into our daily lives.

2. Purpose

The purpose of a professional code of ethics is to achieve high levels of ethical consciousness, decision making, and practice by the members of the profession. Specific objectives of the Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics are

• To increase our professional and ethical consciousness and sense of ethical responsibility.

• To lead us to recognize ethical issues and choices and to guide us in making more informed ethical decisions.

• To establish a standard for professional judgement and conduct.

• To provide a statement of the ethical behavior the public can expect from us.

The Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics is meant to influence us throughout our careers. It stimulates our continuing study of ethical issues and challenges us to explore our ethical responsibilities. The Code establishes concise standards of behavior to guide the public's expectations of our profession and supports existing dental hygiene practice, laws, and regulations. By holding ourselves accountable to meeting the standards stated in the Code, we enhance the public's trust on which our professional privilege and status are founded.

3. Key Concepts

Our beliefs, principles, values, and ethics are concepts reflected in the Code. They are the essential elements of our comprehensive and definitive code of ethics, and are interrelated and mutually dependent.

4. Basic Beliefs

We recognize the importance of the following beliefs that guide our practice and provide context for our ethics:

• The services we provide contribute to the health and well being of society.

• Our education and licensure qualify us to serve the public by preventing and treating oral disease and helping individuals achieve and maintain optimal health.

• Individuals have intrinsic worth, are responsible for their own health, and are entitled to make choices regarding their health.

• Dental hygiene care is an essential component of overall healthcare and we function interdependently with other healthcare providers.

• All people should have access to healthcare, including oral healthcare.

• We are individually responsible for our actions and the quality of care we provide.

5. Fundamental Principles

These fundamental principles, universal concepts, and general laws of conduct provide the foundation for our ethics.

Universality
The principle of universality assumes that, if one individual judges an action to be right or wrong in a given situation, other people considering the same action in the same situation would make the same judgement.

Complementarity
The principle of complementarity assumes the existence of an obligation to justice and basic human rights. It requires us to act toward others in the same way they would act toward us if roles were reversed. In all relationships, it means considering the values and perspective of others before making decisions or taking actions affecting them.

Ethics
Ethics are the general standards of right and wrong that guide behavior within society. As generally accepted actions, they can be judged by determining the extent to which they promote good and minimize harm. Ethics compel us to engage in health promotion/disease prevention activities.

Community
This principle expresses our concern for the bond between individuals, the community, and society in general. It leads us to preserve natural resources and inspires us to show concern for the global environment.

Responsibility
Responsibility is central to our ethics. We recognize that there are guidelines for making ethical choices and accept responsibility for knowing and applying them. We accept the consequences of our actions or the failure to act and are willing to make ethical choices and publicly affirm them.

6. Core Values

We acknowledge these values as general guides for our choices and actions.

Individual autonomy and respect for human beings
People have the right to be treated with respect. They have the right to informed consent prior to treatment, and they have the right to full disclosure of all relevant information so that they can make informed choices about their care.

Confidentiality
We respect the confidentiality of client information and relationships as a demonstration of the value we place on individual autonomy. We acknowledge our obligation to justify any violation of a confidence.

Societal Trust
We value client trust and understand that public trust in our profession is based on our actions and behavior.

Nonmaleficence
We accept our fundamental obligation to provide services in a manner that protects all clients and minimizes harm to them and others involved in their treatment.

Beneficence
We have a primary role in promoting the well being of individuals and the public by engaging in health promotion/disease prevention activities.

Justice and Fairness
We value justice and support the fair and equitable distribution of healthcare resources. We believe all people should have access to high-quality, affordable oral healthcare.

Veracity
We accept our obligation to tell the truth and assume that others will do the same. We value self-knowledge and seek truth and honesty in all relationships.

7. Standards of Professional Responsibility

We are obligated to practice our profession in a manner that supports our purpose, beliefs, and values in accordance with the fundamental principles that support our ethics. We acknowledge the following responsibilities:

To Ourselves as Individuals...

• Avoid self-deception, and continually strive for knowledge and personal growth.

• Establish and maintain a lifestyle that supports optimal health.

• Create a safe work environment.

• Assert our own interests in ways that are fair and equitable.

• Seek the advice and counsel of others when challenged with ethical dilemmas.

• Have realistic expectations of ourselves and recognize our limitations.

To Ourselves as Professionals...

• Enhance professional competencies through continuous learning in order to practice according to high standards of care.

• Support dental hygiene peer-review systems and quality-assurance measures.

• Develop collaborative professional relationships and exchange knowledge to enhance our own life-long professional development.

To Family and Friends...

• Support the efforts of others to establish and maintain healthy lifestyles and respect the rights of friends and family.

To Clients...

• Provide oral healthcare utilizing high levels of professional knowledge, judgement, and skill.

• Maintain a work environment that minimizes the risk of harm. Serve all clients without discrimination and avoid action toward any individual or group that may be interpreted as discriminatory.

• Hold professional client relationships confidential.

• Communicate with clients in a respectful manner.

• Promote ethical behavior and high standards of care by all dental hygienists.

• Serve as an advocate for the welfare of clients.

• Provide clients with the information necessary to make informed decisions about their oral health and encourage their full participation in treatment decisions and goals.

• Refer clients to other healthcare providers when their needs are beyond our ability or scope of practice.

• Educate clients about high-quality oral healthcare.

To Colleagues...

• Conduct professional activities and programs, and develop relationships in ways that are honest, responsible, and appropriately open and candid.

• Encourage a work environment that promotes individual professional growth and development.

• Collaborate with others to create a work environment that minimizes risk to the personal health and safety of our colleagues.

• Manage conflicts constructively.

• Support the efforts of other dental hygienists to communicate the dental hygiene philosophy of preventive oral care.

• Inform other healthcare professionals about the relationship between general and oral health.

• Promote human relationships that are mutually beneficial, including those with other healthcare professionals.

To Employees and Employers...

• Conduct professional activities and programs, and develop relationships in ways that are honest, responsible, open, and candid.

• Manage conflicts constructively.

• Support the right of our employees and employers to work in an environment that promotes wellness.

• Respect the employment rights of our employers and employees.

To the Dental Hygiene Profession...

• Participate in the development and advancement of our profession.

• Avoid conflicts of interest and declare them when they occur.

• Seek opportunities to increase public awareness and understanding of oral health practices.

• Act in ways that bring credit to our profession while demonstrating appropriate respect for colleagues in other professions.

• Contribute time, talent, and financial resources to support and promote our profession.

• Promote a positive image for our profession.

• Promote a framework for professional education that develops dental hygiene competencies to meet the oral and overall health needs of the public.

To the Community and Society...

• Recognize and uphold the laws and regulations governing our profession.

• Document and report inappropriate, inadequate, or substandard care and/or illegal activities by any healthcare provider, to the responsible authorities.

• Use peer review as a mechanism for identifying inappropriate, inadequate, or substandard care and for modifying and improving the care provided by dental hygienists.

• Comply with local, state, and federal statutes that promote public health and safety.

• Develop support systems and quality-assurance programs in the workplace to assist dental hygienists in providing the appropriate standard of care.

• Promote access to dental hygiene services for all, supporting justice and fairness in the distribution of healthcare resources.

• Act consistently with the ethics of the global scientific community of which our profession is a part.

• Create a healthful workplace ecosystem to support a healthy environment.

• Recognize and uphold our obligation to provide pro bono service.

To Scientific Investigation...
We accept responsibility for conducting research according to the fundamental principles underlying our ethical beliefs in compliance with universal codes, governmental standards, and professional guidelines for the care and management of experimental subjects. We acknowledge our ethical obligations to the scientific community:

• Conduct research that contributes knowledge that is valid and useful to our clients and society.

• Use research methods that meet accepted scientific standards.

• Use research resources appropriately.

• Systematically review and justify research in progress to insure the most favorable benefit-to-risk ratio to research subjects.

• Submit all proposals involving human subjects to an appropriate human subject review committee.

• Secure appropriate institutional committee approval for the conduct of research involving animals.

• Obtain informed consent from human subjects participating in research that is based on specifications published in Title 21 Code of Federal Regulations Part 46.

• Respect the confidentiality and privacy of data.

• Seek opportunities to advance dental hygiene knowledge through research by providing financial, human, and technical resources whenever possible.

• Report research results in a timely manner.

• Report research findings completely and honestly, drawing only those conclusions that are supported by the data presented.

• Report the names of investigators fairly and accurately.

• Interpret the research and the research of others accurately and objectively, drawing conclusions that are supported by the data presented and seeking clarity when uncertain.

• Critically evaluate research methods and results before applying new theory and technology in practice.

• Be knowledgeable concerning currently accepted preventive and therapeutic methods, products, and technology and their application to our practice.