Title: Nanotechnologies in the 21st century : a critical review of governance issues in Europe and elsewhere

This paper reviews the current uncertainties associated with the governance of nanotechnologies and examines the state of play of broad governance issues including regulatory initiatives and responses, voluntary codes and practices, as well as the progress of international cooperation efforts in coordinating nanotechnology governance. Finally, it looks at NGO responses and initiatives regarding nanotechnology regulation with particular reference to the application of the precautionary principle and pre-market registration demands in Europe.