If and then : a critique of speculative nanoethics

Article criticizes opponents and proponents of the use of nanotechnology for human enhancement for engaging in speculative ethics. A general pattern exists in discussions about the ethics of "enhancement technologies" in which the hypothetical future being discussed gets displaced by an imagined future that is seen as something inevitable by the end of the debate. These "if-then" discussions tend to confuse discussions about transformative technologies. Rather then focusing on the distant future of how nanotechnology to transform humans, we should focus on the present ethical implications.